{"id":5001,"date":"2012-06-11T00:57:35","date_gmt":"2012-06-10T22:57:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/about-2\/catalogue-argonauts\/a-simple-neural-network\/"},"modified":"2026-02-07T15:07:42","modified_gmt":"2026-02-07T14:07:42","slug":"a-simple-neural-network","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/a-simple-neural-network\/","title":{"rendered":"A simple neural network"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Reading Time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 4<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutes<\/span><\/span><div><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 4px;\"> neural network &#8211; neural network &#8211; neural network &#8211; neural network &#8211; neural network &#8211; neural network &#8211; art contemporain &#8211; art num\u00e9rique<\/span><\/div>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" cellpadding=\"10\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 40%; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;\" colspan=\"3\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Suggestion d&rsquo;\u00e9coute :<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/gravitational-waves\/\">Gravitational Waves<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40%; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;\">\n<div><a href=\"https:\/\/frankcesarlovisolo.bandcamp.com\/track\/gravitational-waves\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-51127\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/bandcamp-logotype-color-400-Frank.png\" alt=\"- - -\" width=\"303\" height=\"25\" title=\"-\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/bandcamp-logotype-color-400-Frank.png 400w, https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/bandcamp-logotype-color-400-Frank-250x21.png 250w, https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/bandcamp-logotype-color-400-Frank-150x12.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 303px) 100vw, 303px\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\"><a href=\"#com\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15068\" title=\"Osmophore - darwin - \u00e9volution - lovisolo\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/ComRouge.jpg\" alt=\"Frank-Cesar-Lovisolo\" width=\"250\" height=\"20\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div><\/div>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 400px;\" cellpadding=\"10\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 24px;\">\n<div><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 4px;\"> neural network &#8211; art contemporain &#8211; art num\u00e9rique &#8211; neural network &#8211; art contemporain &#8211; art num\u00e9rique<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 192px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: justify; height: 192px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guillaume_Apollinaire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Appollinaire<\/a>\u00a0: <em>\u00abOn peut peindre avec ce qu&rsquo;on voudra, avec des pipes, des timbres-postes, des cartes postales ou \u00e0 jouer, des cand\u00e9labres, des morceaux de toile cir\u00e9e, des faux-cols, du papier peint, des journaux.\u00bb<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24px;\">Par extension, le num\u00e9rique, en tant qu\u2019outil graphique, confirmera la phrase du brigadier bless\u00e9 \u00e0 la tempe par un \u00e9clat d\u2019obus le 17\u00a0mars 1916\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 68px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 68px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px;\"><div class=\"flagallerywraper\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"flagallery flaslider_skin\" id=\"FlaGallery_sc1_63\" style=\"width:1024px;margin:0 auto;\"><script type=\"text\/javascript\">(function(){this['FlaGallery_sc1_63']={'settings':{\"sliderHeightRetio\":\"0.8\",\"sliderPreloaderColor\":\"#ffffff\",\"sliderBgColor\":\"rgb(255, 255, 255)\",\"sliderHeaderFooterBgColor\":\"rgb(255, 255, 255)\",\"sliderNavigationColor\":\"rgba(82, 82, 82, 0.81)\",\"sliderNavigationIconColor\":\"rgb(255, 255, 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min\",\"copyright\":false,\"focal_length\":false,\"iso\":false,\"shutter_speed\":false,\"flash\":false,\"title\":false,\"keywords\":false,\"width\":1112,\"height\":760,\"saved\":true,\"thumbnail\":{\"width\":300,\"height\":205},\"webview\":{\"0\":1112,\"1\":760,\"2\":2,\"3\":\"width=\\\"1112\\\" height=\\\"760\\\"\",\"bits\":8,\"channels\":3,\"mime\":\"image\\\/jpeg\"}}}]}], };})();<\/script><\/div><\/div><noscript id=\"noscript_FlaGallery_sc1_63\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy no-lazyload noLazy\" data-lazy-src=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/flagallery\/A%20simple%20neural%20network\/a-simple-neural-network-001.jpg\" alt=\"- - -\" title=\"-\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy no-lazyload noLazy\" data-lazy-src=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/flagallery\/A%20simple%20neural%20network\/a-simple-neural-network-002.jpg\" alt=\"- - -\" title=\"-\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy no-lazyload 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src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/flagallery\/A%20simple%20neural%20network\/a-simple-neural-network-019.jpg\" alt=\"- - -\" title=\"-\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy no-lazyload noLazy\" data-lazy-src=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/flagallery\/A%20simple%20neural%20network\/a-simple-neural-network-020.jpg\" alt=\"- - -\" title=\"-\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy no-lazyload noLazy\" data-lazy-src=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/flagallery\/A%20simple%20neural%20network\/a-simple-neural-network-021.jpg\" alt=\"- - -\" title=\"-\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy no-lazyload noLazy\" data-lazy-src=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/flagallery\/A%20simple%20neural%20network\/a-simple-neural-network-022.jpg\" alt=\"- - -\" title=\"-\"><\/noscript><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 116px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 116px;\">\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"jappelle-visuel-limage-qui-sert-a-ne-pas-regarder-le-monde\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\"><em><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">J&rsquo;appelle visuel l&rsquo;image qui sert \u00e0 ne pas regarder le monde.<\/span><\/em><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"serge-daney\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serge_Daney\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Serge Daney<\/span><\/em><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!--nextpage--><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;\" cellpadding=\"10\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-34139 \" title=\"neural network\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/MutaGen098CBEF758DE489E048A.jpg\" alt=\"neural network\" width=\"608\" height=\"304\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/MutaGen098CBEF758DE489E048A.jpg 700w, https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/MutaGen098CBEF758DE489E048A-460x230.jpg 460w, https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/MutaGen098CBEF758DE489E048A-250x125.jpg 250w, https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/MutaGen098CBEF758DE489E048A-150x75.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 608px) 100vw, 608px\" \/><\/span>Un r\u00e9seau de neurones artificiels est un mod\u00e8le de calcul dont la conception est tr\u00e8s sch\u00e9matiquement inspir\u00e9e du fonctionnement des neurones biologiques.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">Les r\u00e9seaux de neurones sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement optimis\u00e9s par des m\u00e9thodes d\u2019apprentissage de type probabiliste, en particulier bay\u00e9sien. Ils sont plac\u00e9s d\u2019une part dans la famille des applications statistiques, qu\u2019ils enrichissent avec un ensemble de paradigmes permettant de cr\u00e9er des classifications rapides (r\u00e9seaux de Kohonen en particulier), et d\u2019autre part dans la famille des m\u00e9thodes de l\u2019intelligence artificielle auxquelles ils fournissent un m\u00e9canisme perceptif ind\u00e9pendant des id\u00e9es propres de l&rsquo;impl\u00e9menteur, et fournissant des informations d&rsquo;entr\u00e9e au raisonnement logique formel.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">En mod\u00e9lisation des circuits biologiques, ils permettent de tester quelques hypoth\u00e8ses fonctionnelles issues de la neurophysiologie, ou encore les cons\u00e9quences de ces hypoth\u00e8ses pour les comparer au r\u00e9el.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">Les r\u00e9seaux de neurones, en tant que syst\u00e8mes capables d&rsquo;apprendre, mettent en \u0153uvre le principe de l&rsquo;induction, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire l&rsquo;apprentissage par l&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience. Par confrontation avec des situations ponctuelles, ils inf\u00e8rent un syst\u00e8me de d\u00e9cision int\u00e9gr\u00e9 dont le caract\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rique est fonction du nombre de cas d&rsquo;apprentissages rencontr\u00e9s et de leur complexit\u00e9 par rapport \u00e0 la complexit\u00e9 du probl\u00e8me \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre. Par opposition, les syst\u00e8mes symboliques capables d&rsquo;apprentissage, s&rsquo;ils impl\u00e9mentent \u00e9galement l&rsquo;induction, le font sur base de la logique algorithmique, par complexification d&rsquo;un ensemble de r\u00e8gles d\u00e9ductives&#8230; Qu&rsquo;on se le dise, non mais !<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%C3%A9seau_de_neurones_artificiels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">La suite c&rsquo;est par l\u00e0 &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;<\/a> et Page 2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div><\/div>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;\" cellpadding=\"10\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Les R\u00e9seaux de Neurones Artificiels (RNA) : Fondements et Applications<\/h3>\n<p>Les <strong>r\u00e9seaux de neurones artificiels<\/strong> (RNA), ou <em>Artificial Neural Networks<\/em> (ANN) en anglais, sont des mod\u00e8les computationnels con\u00e7us pour simuler le fonctionnement des r\u00e9seaux neuronaux biologiques. Ils constituent l\u2019une des pierres angulaires de l\u2019<strong>apprentissage automatique<\/strong> (machine learning) et sont \u00e0 la base des avanc\u00e9es majeures dans le domaine de l\u2019<strong>intelligence artificielle<\/strong> (IA), notamment dans l\u2019apprentissage profond (<em>deep learning<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h4>1. Architecture d\u2019un r\u00e9seau de neurones<\/h4>\n<p>Un RNA se compose de <strong>couches de neurones artificiels<\/strong> interconnect\u00e9s :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>La couche d\u2019entr\u00e9e<\/strong> re\u00e7oit les donn\u00e9es brutes (ex. : pixels d\u2019une image, valeurs num\u00e9riques, textes vectoris\u00e9s).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Les couches cach\u00e9es<\/strong> r\u00e9alisent des transformations successives des donn\u00e9es \u00e0 travers des op\u00e9rations lin\u00e9aires et non lin\u00e9aires. Le nombre et la profondeur de ces couches d\u00e9terminent la capacit\u00e9 du mod\u00e8le \u00e0 capturer des relations complexes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La couche de sortie<\/strong> fournit le r\u00e9sultat final (ex. : classe pr\u00e9dite, valeur estim\u00e9e).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Chaque neurone calcule une sortie en appliquant une <strong>fonction d\u2019activation<\/strong> (ReLU, sigmo\u00efde, tanh, etc.) \u00e0 une combinaison lin\u00e9aire des entr\u00e9es pond\u00e9r\u00e9es. Les <strong>poids synaptiques<\/strong> et les <strong>biais<\/strong> associ\u00e9s sont les param\u00e8tres appris par le mod\u00e8le.<\/p>\n<h4>2. M\u00e9canisme d\u2019apprentissage<\/h4>\n<p>L\u2019apprentissage supervis\u00e9 d\u2019un RNA suit g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement deux phases :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Propagation avant (forward pass)<\/strong> : les donn\u00e9es circulent \u00e0 travers le r\u00e9seau et produisent une sortie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9tropropagation de l\u2019erreur (backpropagation)<\/strong> : l\u2019erreur entre la sortie pr\u00e9dite et la sortie r\u00e9elle est calcul\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019une <strong>fonction de co\u00fbt<\/strong> (par exemple, l\u2019erreur quadratique moyenne ou l\u2019entropie crois\u00e9e). Un algorithme d\u2019optimisation, typiquement <strong>la descente de gradient stochastique<\/strong> (SGD) ou ses variantes (Adam, RMSProp), ajuste ensuite les poids pour minimiser cette erreur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ce processus est r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9 sur un ensemble de donn\u00e9es d\u2019entra\u00eenement jusqu\u2019\u00e0 convergence.<\/p>\n<h4>3. Capacit\u00e9s et applications<\/h4>\n<p>Les RNA sont capables d\u2019<strong>approximer des fonctions non lin\u00e9aires complexes<\/strong>, ce qui les rend adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de t\u00e2ches :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Classification (ex. : reconnaissance d\u2019images, d\u00e9tection de spams)<\/li>\n<li>R\u00e9gression (ex. : pr\u00e9diction de cours boursiers)<\/li>\n<li>Traitement du langage naturel (traduction automatique, analyse de sentiments)<\/li>\n<li>Reconnaissance vocale et faciale<\/li>\n<li>Conduite autonome et robotique<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>L\u2019essor du <strong>deep learning<\/strong> a \u00e9t\u00e9 rendu possible gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019augmentation de la puissance de calcul (GPU), la disponibilit\u00e9 de grandes quantit\u00e9s de donn\u00e9es (big data), et l\u2019am\u00e9lioration des algorithmes d\u2019optimisation.<\/p>\n<h4>4. Limites et enjeux<\/h4>\n<p>Malgr\u00e9 leurs performances remarquables, les RNA pr\u00e9sentent plusieurs limites :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9pendance aux donn\u00e9es<\/strong> : ils requi\u00e8rent de vastes jeux de donn\u00e9es annot\u00e9es pour \u00eatre efficaces.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bo\u00eete noire<\/strong> : leur interpr\u00e9tabilit\u00e9 reste limit\u00e9e, rendant difficile l\u2019explication des d\u00e9cisions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Risque de surapprentissage<\/strong> (<em>overfitting<\/em>) : en particulier sur des jeux de donn\u00e9es r\u00e9duits ou bruit\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Co\u00fbt computationnel \u00e9lev\u00e9<\/strong>, tant pour l\u2019entra\u00eenement que pour l\u2019inf\u00e9rence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>5. Perspectives<\/h4>\n<p>Les recherches actuelles visent \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer l\u2019<strong>efficacit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique<\/strong>, la <strong>robustesse aux attaques adverses<\/strong>, et l\u2019<strong>explicabilit\u00e9<\/strong> des mod\u00e8les. L\u2019int\u00e9gration des RNA dans des syst\u00e8mes hybrides combinant logique symbolique et apprentissage statistique constitue \u00e9galement une voie prometteuse. <a id=\"com\"><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 ez-toc-wrap-center counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e14907d8fca\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table des mati\u00e8res<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e14907d8fca\" checked \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/a-simple-neural-network\/#jappelle-visuel-limage-qui-sert-a-ne-pas-regarder-le-monde\" >J&rsquo;appelle visuel l&rsquo;image qui sert \u00e0 ne pas regarder le monde.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/a-simple-neural-network\/#serge-daney\" >Serge Daney<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/a-simple-neural-network\/2\/#les-reseaux-de-neurones-artificiels-rna-fondements-et-applications\" >Les R\u00e9seaux de Neurones Artificiels (RNA) : Fondements et Applications<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/a-simple-neural-network\/2\/#1-architecture-dun-reseau-de-neurones\" >1. Architecture d\u2019un r\u00e9seau de neurones<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/a-simple-neural-network\/2\/#2-mecanisme-dapprentissage\" >2. M\u00e9canisme d\u2019apprentissage<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/a-simple-neural-network\/2\/#3-capacites-et-applications\" >3. Capacit\u00e9s et applications<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/a-simple-neural-network\/2\/#4-limites-et-enjeux\" >4. Limites et enjeux<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/a-simple-neural-network\/2\/#5-perspectives\" >5. Perspectives<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Reading Time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 4<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutes<\/span><\/span>Appollinaire\u00a0: \u00abOn peut peindre avec ce qu&rsquo;on voudra, avec des pipes, des timbres-postes, des cartes postales ou \u00e0 jouer, des cand\u00e9labres, des morceaux de toile cir\u00e9e, des faux-cols, du papier peint, des journaux.\u00bb<br \/>\nPar extension le num\u00e9rique, en tant qu&rsquo;outil graphique, confirmera la phrase\u00a0du\u00a0brigadier\u00a0bless\u00e9 \u00e0 la tempe par un \u00e9clat d&rsquo;obus le 17 mars 1916&#8230; <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/a-simple-neural-network\/\">Suite &#8211; Continue reading<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":48034,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2084,1,16],"tags":[1732,566,2552,1303,1733],"class_list":["post-5001","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-art-libertaire","category-tous-les-articles","category-photographies","tag-appollinaire","tag-art-contemporain-2","tag-art-numerique","tag-serge-daney","tag-visuel"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5001","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5001"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5001\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":51961,"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5001\/revisions\/51961"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/48034"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5001"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5001"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5001"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}