{"id":29999,"date":"2019-03-20T17:30:16","date_gmt":"2019-03-20T16:30:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/?p=29999"},"modified":"2026-10-26T16:48:21","modified_gmt":"2026-10-26T15:48:21","slug":"toulon-pleinairisme-flaubert","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/toulon-pleinairisme-flaubert\/","title":{"rendered":"Toulon &#8211; Pleinairisme, mais point de fuite. En fond : Flaubert."},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_89 ez-toc-wrap-left-text counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6af3fdeb1580b\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table des mati\u00e8res<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6af3fdeb1580b\" checked \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/toulon-pleinairisme-flaubert\/#flaubert-et-toulon\" >Flaubert et Toulon<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/toulon-pleinairisme-flaubert\/#la-rade-de-toulon-vue-par-flaubert\" >La rade de Toulon vue par Flaubert<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/toulon-pleinairisme-flaubert\/#le-jardin-de-la-marine-palmiers-jasmin-et-mistral\" >Le jardin de la Marine : palmiers, jasmin et mistral<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/toulon-pleinairisme-flaubert\/#un-theatre-de-rue-provencal-a-toulon\" >Un th\u00e9\u00e2tre de rue proven\u00e7al \u00e0 Toulon<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/toulon-pleinairisme-flaubert\/#note-de-lauteur\" >Note de l&rsquo;auteur<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/toulon-pleinairisme-flaubert\/#le-pleinairisme-definition\" >Le pleinairisme : d\u00e9finition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/toulon-pleinairisme-flaubert\/#bibliographie-et-sources\" >Bibliographie et sources<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/toulon-pleinairisme-flaubert\/#sur-flaubert-et-son-voyage-de-1840\" >Sur Flaubert et son voyage de 1840<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/toulon-pleinairisme-flaubert\/#sur-les-personnes-les-lieux-et-le-mouvement\" >Sur les personnes, les lieux et le mouvement<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/toulon-pleinairisme-flaubert\/#a-lire-aussi-toulon-en-photographies\" >\u00c0 lire aussi : Toulon en photographies<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Reading Time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 6<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutes<\/span><\/span><div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">Toulon et le pleinairisme : trois s\u00e9jours de Flaubert dans la rade, un jardin de palmiers, un th\u00e9\u00e2tre de rue proven\u00e7al, et une galerie photo en plein air.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><!-- Barre d'\u00e9coute \/ Bandcamp \/ commentaires --><\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 10px; padding: 10px;\">\n<div style=\"flex: 2 1 260px; text-align: center; font-size: 18px;\"><strong>Suggestion d&rsquo;\u00e9coute : <a href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/the-headlong-rush\/\">The Headlong Rush<\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 2 1 260px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frankcesarlovisolo.bandcamp.com\/track\/the-headlong-rush\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-51127\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/bandcamp-logotype-color-400-Frank.png\" alt=\"\u00c9couter The Headlong Rush de Frank C\u00e9sar Lovisolo sur Bandcamp\" width=\"303\" height=\"25\" title=\"-\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/bandcamp-logotype-color-400-Frank.png 400w, https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/bandcamp-logotype-color-400-Frank-250x21.png 250w, https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/bandcamp-logotype-color-400-Frank-150x12.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 303px) 100vw, 303px\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1 1 200px; text-align: left;\"><a href=\"#com\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" 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src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/flagallery\/toulon-pleinairisme\/toulon-pleinairisme-n022.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"-\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy no-lazyload noLazy\" data-lazy-src=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/flagallery\/toulon-pleinairisme\/toulon-pleinairisme-n023.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"-\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy no-lazyload noLazy\" data-lazy-src=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/flagallery\/toulon-pleinairisme\/toulon-pleinairisme-n024.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"-\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy no-lazyload noLazy\" data-lazy-src=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/flagallery\/toulon-pleinairisme\/toulon-pleinairisme-n025.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"-\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy no-lazyload noLazy\" data-lazy-src=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/flagallery\/toulon-pleinairisme\/toulon-pleinairisme-n026.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"-\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy no-lazyload noLazy\" data-lazy-src=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/flagallery\/toulon-pleinairisme\/toulon-pleinairisme-n027.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"-\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy no-lazyload noLazy\" data-lazy-src=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/flagallery\/toulon-pleinairisme\/toulon-pleinairisme-n028.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"-\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy no-lazyload noLazy\" data-lazy-src=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/flagallery\/toulon-pleinairisme\/toulon-pleinairisme-n029.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"-\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy no-lazyload noLazy\" data-lazy-src=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/flagallery\/toulon-pleinairisme\/toulon-pleinairisme-n030.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"-\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy no-lazyload noLazy\" data-lazy-src=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/flagallery\/toulon-pleinairisme\/toulon-pleinairisme-n031.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"-\"><\/noscript><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><!-- Flaubert et Toulon --><\/p>\n<div style=\"padding: 10px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_30005\" style=\"width: 273px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-30005\" class=\"wp-image-30005\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Gustave_flaubert.jpg\" alt=\"Portrait de Gustave Flaubert par Nadar, \u00e9crivain de passage \u00e0 Toulon en 1840 et 1845\" width=\"263\" height=\"318\" title=\"-\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Gustave_flaubert.jpg 436w, https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Gustave_flaubert-124x150.jpg 124w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 263px) 100vw, 263px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-30005\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Gustave Flaubert par Nadar<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"flaubert-et-toulon\"><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Flaubert et Toulon<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; font-size: 18px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gustave_Flaubert\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gustave Flaubert<\/a> a fait trois s\u00e9jours \u00e0 Toulon : les deux premiers en 1840, le troisi\u00e8me en 1845.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; font-size: 18px;\">Les deux premiers de ces s\u00e9jours eurent lieu \u00e0 l&rsquo;occasion du premier grand voyage effectu\u00e9 par Flaubert, du 22 ao\u00fbt au 1<sup>er<\/sup> novembre 1840, en r\u00e9compense de sa r\u00e9ussite au baccalaur\u00e9at.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; font-size: 18px;\">C&rsquo;est un \u00e9crivain fran\u00e7ais n\u00e9 \u00e0 Rouen le <time datetime=\"1821-12-12\">12 d\u00e9cembre 1821<\/time> et mort \u00e0 Croisset, lieu-dit de la commune de Canteleu, le <time datetime=\"1880-05-08\">8 mai 1880<\/time>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; font-size: 18px;\">Prosateur de premier plan de la seconde moiti\u00e9 du XIX<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, Gustave Flaubert a marqu\u00e9 la litt\u00e9rature universelle par la profondeur de ses analyses psychologiques, son souci de r\u00e9alisme, son regard lucide sur les comportements des individus et de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, et par la force de son style dans de grands romans comme <em>Madame Bovary<\/em> (1857), <em>Salammb\u00f4<\/em> (1862), <em>L&rsquo;\u00c9ducation sentimentale<\/em> (1869), ou le recueil de nouvelles <em>Trois contes<\/em> (1877).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; font-size: 18px;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gustave_Flaubert\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lire la suite sur Wikip\u00e9dia<\/a>]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- La rade --><\/p>\n<div style=\"padding: 10px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div id=\"attachment_30003\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-30003\" class=\"wp-image-30003 size-full\" title=\"Rade de Toulon vers 1830-1840\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/AnticStore-Medium-Ref-58647_02.jpg\" alt=\"Rade de Toulon vers 1830-1840, \u00e9cole fran\u00e7aise du XIXe si\u00e8cle, vaisseaux et fr\u00e9gates \u00e0 la voile\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/AnticStore-Medium-Ref-58647_02.jpg 500w, https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/AnticStore-Medium-Ref-58647_02-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/AnticStore-Medium-Ref-58647_02-150x100.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-30003\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Rade de Toulon vers 1830-1840 &#8211; \u00c9cole fran\u00e7aise du XIXe si\u00e8cle<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"la-rade-de-toulon-vue-par-flaubert\"><\/span><strong>La rade de Toulon vue par Flaubert<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; font-size: 18px;\"><em>\u00ab La rade de Toulon est belle \u00e0 voir, surtout quand, sorti des gorges d&rsquo;Ollioules, on la voit qui s&rsquo;\u00e9tend tout au loin dans son rayon de trois lieues de circuit, avec les m\u00e2ts de tous ses vaisseaux, ses bricks, ses fr\u00e9gates, toutes ces voiles blanches qu&rsquo;on hisse et qu&rsquo;on abaisse. \u00c0 droite, on a le fort Napol\u00e9on, au fond le fort Pharon.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; font-size: 18px;\"><em>C&rsquo;est par ce dernier que les r\u00e9publicains ont d&rsquo;abord tent\u00e9 le si\u00e8ge de la ville, qu&rsquo;ils n&rsquo;auraient jamais pu prendre sans le conseil de Bonaparte, qui affirma que tant que l&rsquo;on ne serait pas ma\u00eetre de la rade, tous les efforts seraient inutiles et qu&rsquo;une fois la rade prise Toulon n&rsquo;offrirait plus aucune d\u00e9fense.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; font-size: 18px;\"><em>L&rsquo;attaque commen\u00e7a donc sur le point appel\u00e9 le petit Gibraltar, qui domine toute la mer et la ville elle-m\u00eame qu&rsquo;elle prot\u00e8ge de ce c\u00f4t\u00e9. \u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Gustave Flaubert, <em>Voyage aux Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es et en Corse<\/em> (1840)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Le jardin --><\/p>\n<div style=\"padding: 10px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div id=\"attachment_30004\" style=\"width: 570px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-30004\" class=\"wp-image-30004 size-medium\" title=\"Carte de Toulon en 1840\" src=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/il_fullxfull.398088616_qrs1-560x448.jpg\" alt=\"Carte de Toulon en 1840 montrant la rade, les remparts et les jardins de la Marine\" width=\"560\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/il_fullxfull.398088616_qrs1-560x448.jpg 560w, https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/il_fullxfull.398088616_qrs1-768x614.jpg 768w, https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/il_fullxfull.398088616_qrs1-1024x819.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/il_fullxfull.398088616_qrs1-188x150.jpg 188w, https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/il_fullxfull.398088616_qrs1-150x120.jpg 150w, https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/il_fullxfull.398088616_qrs1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-30004\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Carte de 1840 de Toulon<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"le-jardin-de-la-marine-palmiers-jasmin-et-mistral\"><\/span><strong>Le jardin de la Marine : palmiers, jasmin et mistral<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; font-size: 18px; padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>\u00c0 propos d&rsquo;un jardin cr\u00e9\u00e9 en 1786 par la Marine, jouxtant l&rsquo;h\u00f4pital de la Charit\u00e9, aujourd&rsquo;hui l&rsquo;ancien emplacement de l&rsquo;h\u00f4pital de Chalucet :<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; font-size: 18px;\"><em>\u00ab \u2026il y a l\u00e0 des roseaux de l&rsquo;Inde \u00e0 forme \u00e9trange, et des bananiers, des agav\u00e9s, des myrtes encore, des cactus, toutes ces belles plantes des contr\u00e9es inconnues, sous lesquelles les tigres bondissent, les serpents s&rsquo;enroulent, o\u00f9 les oiseaux bigarr\u00e9s perchent et se mettent \u00e0 chanter. Il me semble que cela doit leur amollir le c\u0153ur de vivre toujours avec ces plantes, avec ce silence, cet ombrage, toutes ces feuilles petites et grandes, ces petits bassins qui murmurent, ces jets d&rsquo;eau qui arrosent ;<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; font-size: 18px;\"><em>Il fait frais sous les arbres et chaud au soleil, le vent agite le branchage sur le treillis, il y a du jasmin qui embaume, des ch\u00e8vrefeuilles, des fleurs dont je ne sais pas le nom, mais qui font qu&rsquo;en les respirant on se sent le c\u0153ur faible et tout pr\u00eat \u00e0 aimer ; des n\u00e9nuphars sont \u00e9tendus dans les sources, avec des roseaux qui s&rsquo;\u00e9panchent de tous c\u00f4t\u00e9s.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; font-size: 18px;\"><em>Le vent avait renvers\u00e9 les arbustes et il agitait les palmiers dont le fa\u00eete murmurait, deux palmiers, de ceux qu&rsquo;on appelle rois ; ils sont au bout du jardin, et si beaux que j&rsquo;ai compris alors que Xerx\u00e8s en e\u00fbt \u00e9t\u00e9 amoureux et, comme \u00e0 une ma\u00eetresse, ait pass\u00e9 \u00e0 un d&rsquo;eux autour du cou des anneaux et des colliers.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; font-size: 18px;\"><em>Les rameaux du haut retombaient en gerbes avec des courbes douces et molles, ce mistral qui soufflait en haut les poussait les unes sur les autres en leur faisant faire un bruit qui n&rsquo;est point de nos pays, le tronc restait calme et immobile, comme une femme dont les cheveux seuls remuent au vent.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; font-size: 18px;\"><em>Un palmier pour nous c&rsquo;est toute l&rsquo;Inde, tout l&rsquo;Orient ; sous le palmier l&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9phant par\u00e9 d&rsquo;or bondit et balance au son des tambourins, la bayad\u00e8re danse sous son ombrage, l&rsquo;encens fume et monte dans ses rameaux pendant que le brahme assis chante les louanges de Brahma et des Dieux. \u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de rue --><\/p>\n<div style=\"padding: 10px; clear: both;\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"un-theatre-de-rue-provencal-a-toulon\"><\/span><strong>Un th\u00e9\u00e2tre de rue proven\u00e7al \u00e0 Toulon<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; font-size: 18px; padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>Et d&rsquo;un th\u00e9\u00e2tre de rue :<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; font-size: 18px;\"><em>\u00ab \u00c0 Toulon, j&rsquo;ai revu, au coin d&rsquo;une rue, encore un de ces drames, mais cette fois en fran\u00e7ais ; la sc\u00e8ne \u00e9tait plus simple : un nain fort laid causait avec une grande fille assez jolie et exer\u00e7ait sa verve sur les riches et les gens d&rsquo;esprit, ce qui faisait rire les pauvres et les sots.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; font-size: 18px;\"><em>Pour un homme intelligent qui saurait le proven\u00e7al ou qui voudrait l&rsquo;apprendre, ce serait une chose \u00e0 \u00e9tudier que ces derniers restes du th\u00e9\u00e2tre roman, o\u00f9 l&rsquo;on retrouverait peut-\u00eatre tout \u00e0 la fois des romanceros espagnols, des canzones des troubadours, des atellanes latines et de la farce italienne du temps de Scaramouche, quand Moli\u00e8re y prit son M\u00e9decin barbouill\u00e9. \u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Note de l'auteur --><\/p>\n<div style=\"padding: 10px;\">\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"note-de-lauteur\"><\/span><strong>Note de l&rsquo;auteur<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px; font-size: 18px; color: #004c99;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 32px;\">E<\/span>n relisant cet article, je retrouve ce qui m&rsquo;anime depuis toujours : le refus de s\u00e9parer les disciplines. Photographie, litt\u00e9rature, histoire de l&rsquo;art, tout se touche, tout se r\u00e9pond.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px; font-size: 18px; color: #004c99;\"><em>Et Toulon, ma ville, m\u00e9ritait bien qu&rsquo;on lui consacre cette attention plurielle. Je suis assez satisfait d&rsquo;avoir exhum\u00e9 ces textes de Flaubert sur la rade et le jardin botanique : peu de Toulonnais savent que l&rsquo;auteur de Madame Bovary a s\u00e9journ\u00e9 ici et en a laiss\u00e9 des pages d&rsquo;une sensualit\u00e9 remarquable, peupl\u00e9es de palmiers, de jasmin et de th\u00e9\u00e2tre de rue proven\u00e7al. Ce travail de mise en valeur du patrimoine litt\u00e9raire local me semble utile et sinc\u00e8re.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px; font-size: 18px; color: #004c99;\"><em>La galerie photographique qui accompagne l&rsquo;article illustre fid\u00e8lement ce que j&rsquo;entends par pleinairisme appliqu\u00e9 \u00e0 la photographie : capter la lumi\u00e8re m\u00e9diterran\u00e9enne dans son imm\u00e9diatet\u00e9, sans filet. Je reconnais cependant que le lien entre mes images et les extraits flaubertiens aurait pu \u00eatre rendu plus explicite \u2014 montrer en quoi telle photographie dialogue avec telle description, plut\u00f4t que de laisser le lecteur tisser seul ces fils. C&rsquo;est une piste d&rsquo;am\u00e9lioration que je retiens pour les prochains articles.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px; font-size: 18px; color: #004c99;\"><em>La d\u00e9finition du pleinairisme est peut-\u00eatre un peu formelle, mais elle a le m\u00e9rite d&rsquo;ancrer le propos dans une histoire de l&rsquo;art rigoureuse, et de rappeler que cette pratique n&rsquo;est pas un simple pr\u00e9texte romantique, mais une v\u00e9ritable r\u00e9volution dans la mani\u00e8re de repr\u00e9senter le monde.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px; font-size: 18px; color: #004c99;\"><em>Au fond, cet article ressemble \u00e0 une promenade : on y entre par la photographie, on s&rsquo;y attarde avec Flaubert, et l&rsquo;on en ressort avec une vision un peu plus riche de Toulon. C&rsquo;est exactement ce que je voulais faire.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 120px; font-size: 18px;\">FCL, 3 mai 2026<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- D\u00e9finition --><\/p>\n<div style=\"padding: 10px;\">\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"le-pleinairisme-definition\"><\/span><strong>Le pleinairisme : d\u00e9finition<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"font-size: 18px;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Le pleinairisme d\u00e9signe une <strong>pratique picturale<\/strong> consistant \u00e0 r\u00e9aliser une \u0153uvre <strong>directement en ext\u00e9rieur<\/strong>, face au sujet, plut\u00f4t qu&rsquo;en atelier. Il se d\u00e9veloppe au XIX<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, notamment en France, dans un contexte de renouvellement des modes de repr\u00e9sentation du paysage.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cette pratique repose sur l&rsquo;<strong>observation directe de la nature<\/strong> et sur l&rsquo;\u00e9tude des <strong>variations de la lumi\u00e8re, de l&rsquo;atmosph\u00e8re et des conditions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques<\/strong>. Elle implique souvent une ex\u00e9cution rapide, en raison du caract\u00e8re changeant du motif.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Le pleinairisme est \u00e9troitement li\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89cole_de_Barbizon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00e9cole de Barbizon<\/a><\/strong> et \u00e0 l&rsquo;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impressionnisme\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">impressionnisme<\/a><\/strong>, dont il constitue l&rsquo;un des fondements techniques. Toutefois, il ne constitue pas un mouvement artistique autonome, mais plut\u00f4t une <strong>m\u00e9thode de travail<\/strong>, adopt\u00e9e par des artistes aux orientations esth\u00e9tiques diverses.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">En ce sens, le pleinairisme a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 transformer la repr\u00e9sentation du paysage et \u00e0 remettre en cause la primaut\u00e9 de l&rsquo;atelier dans la production artistique du XIX<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Bibliographie --><\/p>\n<div style=\"padding: 10px;\">\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"bibliographie-et-sources\"><\/span><strong>Bibliographie et sources<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"sur-flaubert-et-son-voyage-de-1840\"><\/span><strong>Sur Flaubert et son voyage de 1840<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"font-size: 18px;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gustave Flaubert, <em>Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es et Corse<\/em> (<em>Voyage aux Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es et en Corse<\/em>, 1840), dans <em>R\u00e9cits de jeunesse<\/em>, Gallimard, Folio Classique, \u00e9dition de Claudine Gothot-Mersch r\u00e9vis\u00e9e par Yvan Leclerc : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.livreshebdo.fr\/article\/flaubert-une-version-inedite-de-ses-recits-de-jeunesse-chez-gallimard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pr\u00e9sentation de l&rsquo;\u00e9dition (Livres Hebdo)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Luzi, \u00ab R\u00e9cits et impressions de voyage dans l&rsquo;\u0153uvre de jeunesse de Gustave Flaubert (1835-1840) \u00bb, <em>Mediterr\u00e1n Tanulm\u00e1nyok<\/em>, universit\u00e9 de Szeged : <a href=\"https:\/\/halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-01682141v1\/file\/Luzi_Flaubert_Szeged.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">texte int\u00e9gral (HAL)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00ab Jouissance et sensualit\u00e9 de la lumi\u00e8re dans la description flaubertienne du <em>Voyage aux Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es et en Corse<\/em> \u00bb, <em>Romanica Olomucensia<\/em>, 2017, n\u00b0 1 : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.romanica.upol.cz\/pdfs\/rom\/2017\/01\/09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">article en PDF<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mary Orr, \u00ab Provincial transfers and French cultures: Flaubert&rsquo;s <em>Voyage aux Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es et en Corse<\/em> \u00bb, dans <em>Visions \/ Revisions: Essays on Nineteenth-Century French Culture<\/em>, Peter Lang, 2003, p. 72-92 : <a href=\"https:\/\/eprints.soton.ac.uk\/37863\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">notice (University of Southampton)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00c9ric Le Calvez, \u00ab Pr\u00e9face \u00bb, dans <em>Flaubert voyageur<\/em>, Classiques Garnier, 2017 : <a href=\"https:\/\/classiques-garnier.com\/flaubert-voyageur-preface.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9 et r\u00e9f\u00e9rence (Classiques Garnier)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0152uvres de Gustave Flaubert en ligne : <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Auteur:Gustave_Flaubert\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wikisource<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"sur-les-personnes-les-lieux-et-le-mouvement\"><\/span><strong>Sur les personnes, les lieux et le mouvement<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"font-size: 18px;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gustave_Flaubert\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gustave Flaubert<\/a>, Wikip\u00e9dia.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jules_Cloquet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jules Cloquet<\/a>, m\u00e9decin et compagnon de voyage de Flaubert en 1840, Wikip\u00e9dia.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toulon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Toulon<\/a>, Wikip\u00e9dia.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89cole_de_Barbizon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00c9cole de Barbizon<\/a>, Wikip\u00e9dia.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impressionnisme\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Impressionnisme<\/a>, Wikip\u00e9dia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Liens internes --><\/p>\n<div style=\"padding: 10px;\">\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a-lire-aussi-toulon-en-photographies\"><\/span><strong>\u00c0 lire aussi : Toulon en photographies<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"font-size: 18px;\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/plages-du-mourillon-ambiance-coloree\/\">Plages du Mourillon, ambiance color\u00e9e<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/neige-a-toulon-2012\/\">Neige \u00e0 Toulon, 2012<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/photo-toulon-2016-17\">Photographies de Toulon, 2016-2017<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Signalement --><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; padding: 10px;\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff; background-color: #320000; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/report-a-problem\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00a0\u00a0Signaler un probl\u00e8me &#8211; Report a problem\u00a0\u00a0<\/a><a id=\"com\"><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Reading Time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 6<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutes<\/span><\/span>\u2026 <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/toulon-pleinairisme-flaubert\/\">Suite &#8211; Continue reading<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":46497,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"no","iawp_total_views":0,"_ogeeat_og_title":"","_ogeeat_og_description":"","_ogeeat_og_image":"","_ogeeat_tw_title":"","_ogeeat_tw_description":"","_ogeeat_tw_image":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2108,1,2084],"tags":[2437,4701,4700,1260,4703,1630,4699,253,1912,4702,479],"class_list":["post-29999","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-photographies-libertaires","category-tous-les-articles","category-art-libertaire","tag-gustave-flaubert","tag-jardin-de-la-marine","tag-jules-cloquet","tag-le-mourillon","tag-patrimoine-litteraire","tag-photographie","tag-pleinairisme","tag-provence","tag-rade-de-toulon","tag-theatre-de-rue","tag-toulon"],"modified_by":"Frank C\u00e9sar LOVISOLO","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29999","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29999"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29999\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":56910,"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29999\/revisions\/56910"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/46497"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29999"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29999"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/frank-lovisolo.fr\/WordPress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29999"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}